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about steel and timber design. i will make an assessment immediately if the answer is reasonable. Pls Help.?

State the reasons why the partial safety factor for imposed load is higher the dead load, and partial safety factor for concrete is higher than steel.
The lecturer will give us 5 marks in this question. Please Help.

Well, I am a ChE, not Civil, so take this with a grain of salt:

1] Dead load, absent any earthquakes, is steady, so no fatigue will result.

2] Concrete is brittle whereas steel will bend. Concrete is also somewhat more likely to be adulterated [or simply have less cement] by unscrupulous vendors. I know of one case where the concrete turned out to have 1/3 of the specified strength, and the vendor had to remove and replace it.

Introduction to Structural Engineering and Steel Design

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The Amelie Architectural Steel Garden Gazebo $699 Whether you’re dreaming the day away with a good book or sharing an afternoon cocktail with friends, time seems sweeter beneath this delightfully ornate, more than 10-foot-tall, octagonal garden gazebo! Sure to be the envy of your neighborhood, its 43-square-foot interior space is ideal for a table, a bench or as the perfect spot for a special ceremony. Its solid, durable, classic arches of quality curved steel are accented with metal florette detailing and crowned with a stately finial. Constructed of rust-resistant, powder-coated, 7/8″ tubular steel in a lustrous chocolate brown finish, our classic piece of garden architecture is pure French style. Its bracketed feet allow for optional permanent installation. Simple assembly required. 8 ft.dia.x10½ft.H. 154 lbs.

Grand Essex Metal Garden Arbor with Tete a Tete Bench $499 Create the garden of your dreams with this distinctive oasis fashioned for year-round appeal. Climbing vines are free to meander up the scrolled arches that crown double benches constructed of rust- and fade-resistant, powder-coated, 7/8 tubular steel in a lustrous chocolate brown finish. Elevate your design vision with this wonderfully inviting Design Toscano-exclusive destination spot constructed with eight secure installation brackets to stand the test of time. Simple assembly required. 66″Wx42″Dx99½”H. 108 lbs.

German Pilsen Rapier Sword $350 This rare German Rapier sword “spoke to us” when we came across the historic design in an antique weapons catalog: We knew we had to reproduce it. The hilt shows design aspects of some larger swords, but the knot-shaped basket is very unusual and we hadn t seen its likeness before. The sword is light and quick with a fine balance. The parts are steel and the hardwood grip features textured, hand-applied leather. The high-quality sword blade is of hand-forged high carbon steel, tempered for strength and meticulously polished to a superb finish and a good spring. The leather scabbard has a highly decorative throat and tip. Hand-crafted by the famed metalsmiths at Windlass Steelcrafts. Overall: 44¾” Blade: 36″Lx1″W. 3/16″ thick. 2 lbs./14 oz.

Classic Greek Hoplite Sword: Unsharpened $198 This Classic Greek Hoplite Sword represents the resilience, tenacity, and strength of the Greek Hoplite, an effective citizen-soldier of the Ancient Greek city-states. A leaf-shaped blade such as this one was quite popular throughout the ancient world, and the design of this reproduction is based on many illustrations and historical artifacts. Features include steel guard and pommel, and leather-covered hardwood grip. The high-quality sword blade is hand-forged of high carbon steel, tempered for strength and meticulously polished to a superb finish. This is one of the strongest and finest swords available. Hand-crafted by the famed metalsmiths at Windlass Steelcrafts. Complete with a leather covered wood scabbard. Can be professionally sharpened for an additional fee. Please note that sharpened swords cannot be returned.

Medieval Knight’s Battle Dagger: Unsharpened $98.95 The detailed handle and smooth blade of this Knight’s Battle Dagger reflects the design and taste of the late Medieval period, eventually giving way to the Gothic era. In an age when everyone carried a dagger on their person at all times, this one stands out as the sort of weapon that a battle-hardened Medieval knight would prefer. This no-nonsense dagger has a tempered, high carbon steel blade capable of taking a razor edge and has a good point that’s strong and sharp. Married to a steel guard and pommel with a grip hand-wrapped in leather cord, this knife is attractive, yes, but above all – it s serviceable. Hand-crafted by the famed metalsmiths at Windlass Steelcrafts. Complete with a leather scabbard. Overall: 15″ Blade: 10″Lx1½”W. 3/16″ thick. 1 lb.

Sword Hanger $14.95 Our unique scissor-style, heavyweight steel sword wall hanger makes it easy to display our fine swords on your wall. 1″Wx3″H. 1 lb.

Grand Astoria Metal Garden Arbor with Gate $549 Make your design vision spring to life with this amazingly impressive arbor gateway that’s sure to set your garden apart! Don’t choose a run-of-the-mill entrance when this enviably elegant work of garden art is ready to usher in visitors with its stunningly timeless style. Crowned with royal finials and constructed of rust- and fade-resistant, powder-coated, 7/8 tubular steel in a lustrous chocolate brown finish, our Design Toscano-exclusive durable, classic piece of outdoor architecture is a truly dramatic focal point. Four reinforced columns for strength and 10 no-dig, ground-mounted brackets for stability lend added security to this premium work of garden art. Simple assembly required. 68½”Wx10½”Dx92½”H. 124 lbs.

Acadia Metal Garden Arbor with Bench $249 The perfect garden focal point, our 7-foot-tall arbor welcomes guests with artistic scrollwork constructed of rust- and fade-resistant, powder-coated, 7/8″ tubular steel in a lustrous chocolate brown finish. This inviting Design Toscano-exclusive oasis is perfect nestled amidst your lush flower beds as home to your favorite climbing ivy and ideal for showcasing your prized hanging planters. In-ground brackets provide added security as you share shade-dappled days on this enviable classic. Simple assembly required. 48″Wx16″Dx84″H. 62 lbs.

Gothic Assassin’s Sword of Altair $225 This sleek assassin’s sword has a high carbon steel blade with an artistic eagle-headed pommel and winged crossguard. The hardwood handle and scabbard are hand-wrapped in quality brown suede. The high-quality sword blade is hand-forged of high carbon steel, tempered for strength and meticulously polished to a superb finish. Perfect for re-enactment. Hand-crafted by the famed metalsmiths at Windlass Steelcrafts.

Sword of the Knights of Malta: Unsharpened $325 The Sword of the Knights of Malta is named for the battle in which the Medieval Knights of St. John turned back a huge Ottoman flotilla. This magnificent sword features a steel pommel with a deeply carved Cross of the Brotherhood, symbolizing the knights devotion and giving a point of prayer to the embattled soldiers. The protective crossguard is also crafted of solid steel. The hand-forged, high carbon steel blade is sturdy and well balanced for a solid cut-and-thrust approach. The grooved hardwood grip is hand-covered in genuine stitched leather that s hand-rubbed to a deep luster. The scabbard features a custom wood sheath covered in thick leather to match the grip, with steel fittings that allow the sword to hang at a rakish angle, which was the fashion of the day. The high-quality sword blade is hand-forged of high carbon steel, tempered for strength and meticulously polished to a superb finish. Hand-crafted by the famed metalsmiths at Windlass Steelcrafts. Overall: 40¾” Blade: 34″Lx2″W. 3/16″ thick. 2 lbs./2 oz.

Damascus Viking Warrior Sword: Unsharpened $495 Early Viking swords were forged from layers of iron interleaved with strands of steel to produce an exceptionally durable sword. Damascus, or pattern-welded steel, was used to make the blade strong enough to withstand the rigors of combat. Archeological excavations in Finland have uncovered this handsome Damascus Viking specimen (circa 850-900). It has the lobed pommel loved by the Norsemen, with a cross guard that contrasts slightly with typical down-curved versions. The early style blade is well suited to the quick, slashing blows of the Viking warrior. Hand-crafted by the famed metalsmiths at Windlass Steelcrafts of high carbon Damascus steel, the blade is polished and the fuller etched to show the Damascus construction of the blade. The pommel and cross guard are also steel, and the hardwood grip is hand-wrapped in leather. Included wooden scabbard is also covered in leather with steel mounts. Any Viking warrior would be proud to carry this sword into battle. Overall: 36″ Blade: 31½”Lx2″W. 3/16″ thick. 2 lbs.

Munich Town Guard Sword: Unsharpened $325 This impressive military sword is a perfect example of the traditional German cut-and-thrust style carried by the Munich Town Guard. The slightly shorter blade and swept hilt were perfect for breaking up a street fight or tavern brawl. This is one of the most practical and prolific swords we have ever offered. The pommel and guard are steel and the hardwood grip is hand-wrapped in twisted steel wire for a very positive hold. The high-quality sword blade is hand-forged of 1095 high carbon steel, tempered for strength and meticulously polished to a superb finish. This is one of the strongest and finest swords available. Hand-crafted by the famed metalsmiths at Windlass Steelcrafts. Complete with a leather scabbard. Overall: 43″ Blade: 34″Lx2″W. 3/16″ thick. 3 lbs.

Italian Chioggia Sword: Unsharpened $249 This impressive Italian sword was named after the heroic sea battle of Chioggia, where the Venetians crushed the Genovese forces, destroying Genoa’s historic role as a great sea power. This is a very well balanced and fast sword with its deeply fluted pommel and beveled guard, both crafted from steel. The hardwood grip is hand-covered in leather with decorative studs. The well-tempered high carbon steel blade is nicely fullered at a full 32″, the perfect length for a one-handed sword. Comes complete with a finely decorated scabbard. The high-quality sword blade is hand-forged of high carbon steel, tempered for strength and meticulously polished to a superb finish. This is one of the strongest and finest swords available. Hand-crafted by the famed metalsmiths at Windlass Steelcrafts. Overall: 39″ Blade: 32″Lx2″W. 3/16″ thick. 2 lbs./12oz.

Early Scottish Dirk Short Sword: Unsharpened $139 Traditionally, dirk short swords were made from broken battle swords; our version reproduces an early Scottish design. This style of dirk is a direct descendant of the Medieval ballock dagger from 1066 A.D. It wasn t until the late-16th century that the grip form began to change, evolving into a style that was purely Scottish. The blade was long and single-edged and could be used alone, with a shield and sword, or alongside a basket-hilt claymore. The hardwood handle is carved with a Celtic knot-like chevron pattern reproduced from an original of the same time period. The high-quality sword blade is of hand-forged high carbon steel, tempered for strength and meticulously polished to a superb finish. This is one of the strongest and finest swords available. Hand-crafted by the famed metalsmiths at Windlass Steelcrafts. Complete with a scabbard. Overall: 21″ Blade: 15″Lx1¾”W. 3/16″ thick. 1 lb.

French Deschaux Rapier Sword $325 This is a light, fast, and deadly sword with a classical design. With its graceful, artistic lines, the rapier sword has always been a romantic symbol of the Renaissance. The reality is that the rapier is a very deadly hand-to-hand combat weapon, perfectly suited for the swift moves of the duelists of the day. Many hilt forms were tried early on, like this three-ring swept hilt. The grip is of authentic bone with hand-wrapped wire, making for a very secure grip. The high-quality sword blade is of hand-forged high carbon steel, tempered for strength and meticulously polished to a superb finish. Hand-crafted by the famed metalsmiths at Windlass Steelcrafts. Complete with a leather scabbard reinforced by a metal throat and chape. Overall: 46″ Blade: 39″Lx¾”W. 3/16″ thick. 2 lb./8 oz.

Forest Spirits Greenman Goblet Collection: Grendal the Green & Lady of the Leaf $39.95 In the spirit of the Green, lift your very own Medieval tree ent-embellished goblet to toast the changing seasons or any other special occasion. Our amazingly detailed, quality designer resin works boast intricate artwork wrapped around removable, dishwasher-safe, 8 oz. stainless steel inserts.

The Fierce Raptor Sword: Unsharpened $249 Named for the fierce prehistoric predator, our Raptor fantasy sword is a deadly opponent! The pommel is in the form of a lethal claw but, of course, the long, curved blade is the real force of this beast. The gracefully contoured hilt and pommel are steel and the hardwood, hand-applied leather grip is adorned with raised areas for a sturdy grasp. Like all our swords, it is hand-forged of tempered high carbon steel for strength and meticulously polished to a superb finish. Hand-crafted by the famed metalsmiths at Windlass Steelcrafts. Complete with a leather scabbard. Overall: 41″ Blade: 31″Lx2″W. 3/16″ thick. 2 lbs./9 oz.

The Mystical Necromancer Sword: Unsharpened $275 This fantasy sword is said to enhance mystical powers and defend against the greatest of evils. The sleek blade has a deep ebony luster and is forged of well tempered high carbon steel. The pommel and hilt are blackened and the two-handed hardwood grip is deeply embossed and hand-covered in textured leather. The scabbard is of the same leather and is adorned with polished brass and steel parts. Wickedly balanced and capable of katana sword-like cuts, this mystical weapon is hand-crafted by the famed metalsmiths at Windlass Steelcrafts. Overall: 40″ Blade: 30½”Lx1½”W. 3/16″ thick. 2 lbs./6 oz.

Great Ouse River Sword: Unsharpened $235 This superb collectible sword is copied from an Oakeshott Type XVII found in the great Ouse River at Ely and displayed at the nearby Fitzwilliam Museum in Cambridgeshire. It’s a leading example of the “Sempach” family of swords, named for two very similar swords unearthed from gravesites where the Battle of Sempach was fought near Zurich in 1386. This is a long, thrusting sword and like the original, it’s surprisingly light, masterfully balanced and “ready” in the hand. The pommel and guard are steel and the two-handed hardwood grip is hand-covered in cord and leather. The blade is hand-forged of 1095 high carbon steel, tempered for strength and meticulously polished to a superb finish. Hand-crafted by the famed metalsmiths at Windlass Steelcrafts. Complete with a leather scabbard. Overall: 46″ Blade: 36″Lx2″W. 3/16″ thick. 2 lbs./12 oz.

Sword of the Viking King: Unsharpened $350 This Viking sword and its intricate scabbard are fit for the bravest Nordic king! The Vikings exploded out of the North to raid and conquer; it was not unusual for kings themselves to engage in combat, leading their armies with magnificent swords like this one. Each steel part is handmade and incredibly detailed, especially the leather-embossed scabbard, the details of which are richly plated in real silver. The light, wide fullered Viking-style blade is of well tempered, 1095 high carbon steel. The hardwood scabbard is covered in rich, embossed harness-grade leather accented with faux reindeer fur. This well crafted, hightly detailed sword is truly fit for a king! Hand-crafted by the famed metalsmiths at Windlass Steelcrafts. Overall: 38″ Blade: 31″Lx2″W. 3/16″ thick. 2 lbs./12 oz.

The War Sword of Roven: Unsharpened $235 This Gothic sword has great length, giving it both reach and power. As the length increased, the velocity also increased substantially. However, with the addition of the long ricasso (the section just above the guard or handle), the sword became even more formidable. The ricasso allowed the sword to be gripped past the guard, thus shortening the sword and allowing it to be used as short spear. With the blade now held securely at two separate points, thrusts became more solid and, of course, more deadly. Our version of this Medieval sword is as formidable a weapon as the original. The blade is high carbon steel, tempered to a tough spring, the grip is ridged hardwood, hand-wrapped with leather, and the pommel and guard are steel. Hand-crafted by the famed metalsmiths at Windlass Steelcrafts. Complete with a leather scabbard. Overall: 48″ Blade: 38″Lx2″W. 3 lbs.

15th-Century Medieval Longsword: Unsharpened $298 The longsword, often called a hand-and-a-half, saw a great deal of service as a weapon of war, but was also employed by civilians as a weapon of self-defense. A strong, serviceable point made it perfect for thrusting, and its medium weight allowed it to be used and carried with equal ease. Thanks to its lighter weight, it was often paired with a dagger for maximum versatility, but when necessary it could be gripped with both hands for a very powerful cut. This handsome and functional sword features a steel pommel and guard, and a hardwood grip hand-wrapped in leather and wire. The high-quality sword blade is hand-forged of high carbon steel, tempered for strength and meticulously polished to a superb finish. This is one of the strongest and finest swords available. Hand-crafted by the famed metalsmiths at Windlass Steelcrafts. Complete with a leather scabbard. Overall: 45½” Blade: 36½”Lx2″W. 3/16″ thick. 3 lbs./4 oz.

Jolly Roger Pirate King Cutlass Sword: Unsharpened $159 Dead men tell no tales! The Jolly Roger image is popularly attributed to 18th-century pirate Calico Jack Rackham. Historically, the Jolly Roger flag was flown to frighten pirates’ victims into surrendering without a fight, since it conveyed the message that the buccaneers were outlaws who didn t consider themselves bound by the usual rules of engagement and might, therefore, slaughter those they defeated. Our Jolly Roger Cutlass sword boasts a hand-forged high carbon steel blade, well tempered and featuring a full tang, just like the original. The menacing cup guard is pierced through with a fearsome skull & cross-bones and the hardwood grip is hand-covered with leather and wire. The steel hilt and scabbard parts are artificially aged as if pulled from the darkest depths of Davy Jones’ locker. Hand-crafted by ye famed metalsmiths at Windlass Steelcrafts. Overall: 32¾” Blade: 25¾”Lx2″W. 3/16″ thick. 2 lbs./6 oz.

Pirate Buccaneer Hanger Sword: Unsharpened $225 Avast, ye pirates! Team up with our Pirate Buccaneer Hanger sword to terrorize Spanish treasure ships and other unfortunate vessels sailing the Caribbean. The ‘Golden Age’ of piracy lasted from 1650 1720 and the most famous Buccaneers included Blackbeard (Edward Teach), Henry Morgan, William ‘Captain’ Kidd, Anne Bonny and ‘Calico’ Jack Rackham. Our Pirate Hanger Sword replica is made of good-looking antiqued brass and boasts a fine steel hilt. The fully tempered high carbon steel blade is worth its salt, but beware, there be dangerous waters ahead, and Davy Jones may be waiting for ye! A pirate s life isn t complete without a Pirate Buccaneer Hanger sword for your next costume party. Hand-crafted by ye famed metalsmiths at Windlass Steelcrafts. Overall: 32½” Blade: 26″Lx1″W. 3/16″ thick. 2 lbs.